Diabetes

Q: What is diabetes?

A: Diabetes is a chronic medical condition that occurs when the body is unable to properly regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels. Glucose is a crucial source of energy for cells, and its levels in the blood are normally controlled by the hormone insulin, which is produced by the pancreas.

There are three main types of diabetes:

Type 1 Diabetes — in this type, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body produces little to no insulin. People with type 1 diabetes need to take insulin injections or use an insulin pump to manage their blood sugar levels.

Type 2 Diabetes — this is the most common form of diabetes, typically occurring in adulthood. In type 2 diabetes, the body either does not produce enough insulin or does not use it effectively, leading to insulin resistance. Lifestyle factors such as poor diet, lack of physical activity, and genetics can contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes. Treatment may involve lifestyle changes, oral medications, and sometimes insulin.

Gestational Diabetes — this type of diabetes develops during pregnancy. It can increase the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby. While gestational diabetes usually resolves after childbirth, women who have had it are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

Other Forms of Diabetes — some people develop diabetes as the result of other causes. It is important to identify these because they may respond to different treatments and may be associated with other conditions. These include:

• LADA — latent autoimmune diabetes in adults is similar to type 1 diabetes but happens later in life and often more gradually.
• MODY — maturity onset diabetes of the young are forms of diabetes which occur in younger patients caused by single gene abnormalities.
• Mitochondrial diabetes — diabetes associated with defects in the mitochondria (cellular ‘power-house’) function.
• Secondary diabetes — diabetes occurs as the result of damage to the pancreas gland as the result of another condition e.g. pancreatitis.

Common symptoms of diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and blurred vision. If left untreated or poorly managed, diabetes can lead to serious complications, including heart disease, kidney damage, nerve damage, and vision problems.

Management of diabetes involves maintaining blood sugar levels within a target range through a combination of medications (insulin or oral medications), a healthy diet, regular physical activity, and monitoring blood sugar levels regularly. It’s important for individuals with diabetes to work closely with healthcare professionals to create a personalised treatment plan and to address potential complications early on.

Q: What are the treatment options for diabetes?

A: The treatment of diabetes depends on the type of diabetes a person has. The two main types of diabetes are type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body does not produce insulin. Treatment typically involves:

• Insulin Therapy — since the body doesn’t produce insulin, individuals with type 1 diabetes need to take insulin to control blood sugar levels. This can be done through multiple daily injections or an insulin pump.
• Blood Sugar Monitoring — regular monitoring of blood sugar levels is crucial for adjusting insulin doses and maintaining good control.
• Healthy Diet — a balanced diet that considers carbohydrate intake is essential to help manage blood sugar levels.
• Regular Exercise — physical activity helps regulate blood sugar levels and improves overall health.

Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is characterised by insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production. Treatment options include:

• Lifestyle Changes
  • Diet Modification — adopting a healthy, balanced diet, with an emphasis on whole foods, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
  • Regular Exercise — physical activity helps improve insulin sensitivity and regulate blood sugar levels.

• Oral Medications
  • Medications such as metformin, sulfonylureas, and others may be prescribed to lower blood sugar levels.

• Injectable Medications
  • In some cases, injectable medications like GLP-1 receptor agonists or insulin may be prescribed.

• Insulin Therapy
  • In advanced cases or when other treatments are ineffective, insulin may be prescribed for type 2 diabetes as well.

• Blood Sugar Monitoring
  • Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels to track progress and adjust treatment.

General recommendations for both types:

Regular Medical Check-ups — regular visits to healthcare providers for monitoring and adjustments in the treatment plan.

Blood Pressure and Cholesterol Management — controlling blood pressure and cholesterol levels is essential to reduce the risk of complications.

Weight Management — maintaining a healthy weight is crucial, especially for those with type 2 diabetes.

Foot Care — diabetes can affect circulation and nerve function, so proper foot care is important to prevent complications.

Education and Support — diabetes education programs and support groups can help individuals manage their condition effectively.

It’s important to note that diabetes management is highly individualised, and treatment plans may vary based on factors like age, overall health, and the presence of other medical conditions. Individuals with diabetes should work closely with their healthcare team to develop and adjust their treatment plan as needed.